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Before someone challenges the implications of the above title, let me ask two questions. One: has it not always been the case that education, whether consciously or not, has been an agent of social change? Two: is it not true to say that there never was a time when education was being used so consciously as a means to change society than is the case today? Let me also say, before I outline the origins and the aspirations of the Institute, that the social aspects of the Institute, while they do not outweigh its educational aspects, are very important to its members. Now to our history.

The 1976 Race Relations Act received the Royal Assent on 22 November, 1976; but, at the time of going to Press, the Commencement Order (or Orders) visualised in Section 79(2) of the Act had not been issued by the Secretary of State. Nevertheless, we ask the reader to assume that the events referred to in the case study take place after the implementation dates of all the various provisions of the Act. The organisation referred to in the study as the ‘Composite Insurance Group Ltd is an entirely imaginary organisation, and the three individuals in the study, together with the comments attributed to them, are entirely fictional. Any resemblance to any real organisation, past or present, or to any real individual, is entirely coincidental.

At the time of going to press, reverberations from the violent debate triggered by the so‐called ‘Bullock Report’, published in January 1977, were still considerable. The ‘Report of the Committee of Inquiry on Industrial Democracy’ (to give it its full title) contained, in its main report, certain far‐reaching proposals for employee participation in British industry. It also contained (a) a four‐page note of dissent by one of the seven signatories to the Majority Report and (b) a three‐man Minority Report which ran to almost 30 pages.

This series of case studies, drawn from a wide range of commerical and industrial activity, is intended to illustrate the impact of industrial relations legislation on a sample of British managers during the decade 1966/1976. The six statutes dealt with concern Redundancy Payments (1965 and 1969), Race Relations (1968 and 1976), Equal Pay (1970), Trade Union and Labour Relations (1974 and 1976), Employment Protection (1975) and Sex Discrimination (1975). When, as happens in certain cases, the same statute appears in more than one case study, quite different problems will be involved.

THE Greater London Council's conference hall, which can hold several hundred people, was packed to capacity in the evening of March 3. The suspicion that it was a mass gathering to hear a party leader expound national issues was only dispelled by a realization that it was a trifle easy.

Tall towers have a high potential for being struck by lightning which is a major source of electromagnetic radiation with adverse effects on electric, electronic and telecommunication instruments. The paper aims to present an accurate method for predicting the radiated electromagnetic fields and current distribution along the lightning channel and the tower hit by the lightning.

The electromagnetic model is utilized to model the lightning channel and the tower is represented by lossy conducting wires. The finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is used to solve for the governing Maxwell’s equations. Due to the large computational space, the FDTD code is paralleled between several computer processors. To enhance the efficiency of the code, a non-uniform mesh is used, reducing the mesh length in the air-ground interface. For model evaluation, simulated current distribution along the lightning channel and tower, and the radiated electromagnetic fields are compared with the measurement data and those obtained using the engineering models.

The proposed modeling technique has proved to be more accurate than the conventional methods, particularly in the prediction of current distribution along the tall tower and the vertical component of the radiated electric field.

The main feature of the proposed technique is its ability to consider the impact of metallic structures in a large space around lightning channel on the predicted radiated electromagnetic fields, having no concern on computer memory requirements.

The purpose of this paper is to present a method to model earthing systems subjected to lightning strikes with a one‐dimensional moment method. This paper was conducted because an accurate method to model earthing systems subjected to lightning strikes, was deemed necessary. To name a few examples of relevant situations: supply stations of railway systems, from which also critical signalling infrastructure is fed, earthing systems of cellular phone basestations, located in the vicinity of high‐antenna towers, prone to lightning strikes, and gas and oil pipelines. There exist already methods to solve this problem, based on circuit theory, but the electromagnetic method of this work is based directly on Maxwell's equations and therefore more accurate.

The earthing electrodes and meshes are represented as wire scatterers. First, the method is outlined for scatterers in a single medium. Next, the method is extended to model to presence of the soil‐air interface layer. An approximate technique, known as the modified image theory, is used to account for the vicinity of the soil. Finally, a second extension is given so that cables without metal sheets which are in the vicinity of the earthing systems, can be included in the model. Thereafter, it is described how the method can be used to calculate the effects of lightning strikes on earthing structures, and finally a validation of the method is presented.

The method is validated by applying it to simple situations which can also analytically be calculated, and by applying it to earthing structures for which the transient voltage was measured or calculated with circuit methods. A good agreement is seen. However, the method is computationally very expensive.

In order to account for the influence of the air‐ground interface, an approximate method was used: the modified image method, and not the exact Sommerfeld theory. This was done because of its simplicity and in order to speed up the calculation process. Furthermore, cables can be included in the model, but they must be of simple structure: a cylindrical core, surrounded by an insulating cladding.

A few authors have already described this method to simulate lightning strikes on earthing systems. However, in this paper, a new and easy model for underground cables in the vicinity of earthing systems is presented.

This study presents a mathematical approach and model that can be useful to investigate the thermal performance of fluids with microstructures via hybrid nanoparticles in conventional fluid. It has been found from the extensive literature survey that no study has been conducted to investigate buoyancy effects on the flow of Maxwell fluid comprised of hybrid microstructures and heat generation aspects through the non-Fourier heat flux model.

Non-Fourier heat flux model and non-Newtonian stress–strain rheology with momentum and thermal relaxation phenomena are used to model the transport of heat and momentum in viscoelastic fluid over convectively heated surface. The role of suspension of mono and hybrid nanostructures on an increase in the thermal efficiency of fluid is being used as a medium for transportation of heat energy. The governing mathematical problems with thermo-physical correlations are solved via shooting method.

It is noted from the simulations that rate of heat transfer is much faster in hybrid nanofluid as compare to simple nanofluid with the increasing heat-generation coefficient. Additionally, an increment in the thermal relaxation time leads to decrement in the reduced skin friction coefficient; however, strong behavior of Nusselt number is shown when thermal relaxation time becomes larger for hybrid nanofluid as well as simple nanofluid.

According to the literature survey, no investigation has been made on buoyancy effects of Maxwell fluid flow with hybrid microstructures and heat generation aspects through non-Fourier heat flux model. The authors confirm that this work is original, and it has neither been published elsewhere nor is it currently under consideration for publication elsewhere.

The purpose of this paper is to develop an algorithm and software for determining the size of a line-start permanent magnet synchronous motor (LSPMSMs) based on its optimization.

The software consists of an optimization procedure that cooperates with a FEM model to provide the desired behavior of the motor under consideration. The proposed improved version of the genetic algorithm has modifications enabling efficient optimization of LSPMSMs. The objective function consists of three important functional parameters describing the designed machine. The 2-D field-circuit mathematical model of the dynamics operation of the LSPMSMs consists of transient electromagnetic field equations, equations describing electric windings and mechanical motion equations. The model has been developed in the ANSYS Maxwell environment.

In this proposed approach, the set of design variables contains the variables describing the stator and rotor structure. The improved procedure of the optimization algorithm makes it possible to find an optimal motor structure with correct synchronization properties. The proposed modifications make the optimization procedure faster and more

This proposed approach can be successfully applied to solve the design problems of LSPMSMs.

Introduces the fourth and final chapter of the ISEF 1999 Proceedings by stating electric and magnetic fields are influenced, in a reciprocal way, by thermal and mechanical fields. Looks at the coupling of fields in a device or a system as a prescribed effect. Points out that there are 12 contributions included ‐ covering magnetic levitation or induction heating, superconducting devices and possible effects to the human body due to electric impressed fields.